Modelling of shear zones during quasi-static granular silo flow using material point method (MPM)

The paper focuses on confined silo flow of cohesionless sand. problem considered is a quasi-static in plane strain model with parallel walls simulated the material point method (MPM). simulation used non-local hypoplastic constitutive model. Initially, validated implemented numerical approach basic element tests and compression test. subsequent MPM calculations for were performed different initial void ratios sand wall roughness. simulations took also into account both location width outlet. emphasis was evolution shear zones (wall internal curvilinear zones) their impact stresses/forces during flow. findings enhance understanding localization granular materials controlled silos its immense effect magnitude distribution pressures.